Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most prevalent heart disease globally. It happens when the arteries that supply blood to the heart are narrowed or blocked by plaque. This decreases blood supply to the heart and may cause chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and even heart attack.
For individuals with severe CAD, medications and lifestyle changes may not suffice. In such a situation, open heart surgery is required to correct normal blood flow. The operation, more popularly referred to as Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG), improves heart function and lowers the risk of future cardiac complications.
This blog explains what open heart surgery is, why it is needed, the procedure, recovery process, and important lifestyle changes for a healthy heart.
What is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?
Coronary artery disease occurs when plaque (fat deposits) forms in the coronary arteries and they become clogged. This restricts the supply of oxygenated blood to the heart.
Common Causes of Coronary Artery Disease
- Unhealthy Diet – High intake of fatty and carbohydrate-rich foods.
- Lack of Exercise – Weight gain and heart stress result from an inactive lifestyle.
- Smoking and Alcohol – Cholesterol rises due to these factors, and they also destroy the arteries.
- High Blood Pressure – Places additional burden on the heart arteries.
- High Cholesterol – Causes the building up of plaques in arteries.
- Diabetes – Elevated blood sugar levels weaken blood vessels.
- Family History – Hereditary aspects also contribute to CAD.
Coronary Artery Disease Symptoms
-
- Angina (pain in the chest)
- Shortness of breath
- Fatigue
- Weakness
- Neck, jaw, shoulder, and arm pain
- Heart attack (in a severe case)
If CAD is not addressed in time, it may result in life-threatening conditions such as heart failure or arrhythmia (abnormal heartbeat). For More Updated With our platforms like Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube.
What is Open Heart Surgery for Coronary Artery Disease?
Open heart surgery is a big surgery in which the surgeon opens up the chest to fix clogged or narrowed coronary arteries.
The most frequent open heart surgery for CAD is Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG).
How Does CABG Work?
- A healthy blood vessel (graft) is taken from another part of the body (usually the leg or arm).
- This graft bypasses the blocked artery, allowing for a new route for blood to flow to the heart.
- In turn, the heart receives the oxygen it requires, alleviating symptoms and enhancing cardiac function.
When is Open Heart Surgery Required?
Physicians can suggest open heart surgery in the following instances:
- Severe blockage of several coronary arteries
- Recurring chest pain that doesn’t respond to medication
- History of heart attacks or a high risk of experiencing one
- Poor heart function caused by blocked arteries
- Failure of angioplasty or stent insertion
Types of Open Heart Surgery for CAD
1. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)
- The procedure performed for CAD the most.
- Uses a vein or an artery from a different part of the body to bypass blockages.
- Improves blood flow and reduces the risk of heart attack.
2. Valve Repair or Replacement
- When the heart valves are damaged from CAD, they may need to be repaired or replaced.
- Ensures proper blood flow through the heart.
3. Heart Transplant (In Rare Cases)
- For patients suffering from severe heart failure arising from CAD.
- Replacement of a damaged heart by that of a donor.
Preparing for Open Heart Surgery
Before the surgery, several tests are done by the doctors to know the state of the heart such as:
- Electrocardiogram (ECG): Measures the rhythm of the heart.
- This holds heart function to check.
- Coronary Angiography: This assesses to detect blocked arteries.
- Blood Tests: Know the overall state of health.
Pre-Surgery Instruction:
- Stop smoking and drinking for weeks before the surgery.
- Observe the diet restriction given by the doctor.
- Change the intake of medicines as the doctor prescribes.
- No eating or drinking the night before the surgery.
What Happens During Open Heart Surgery?
- Anesthesia: The patient receives the general anesthetic and will be unconscious while having surgery performed on them.
- Incision: The surgeon will cut into the chest and open the rib cage.
- Heart-Lung Machine: The heart is temporarily stopped, and a machine takes over pumping blood.
- Bypass Graft: A healthy artery or vein is used to bypass the blocked artery.
- Closing the Chest: Once the graft is in place, the heart is restarted, and the chest is closed with stitches.
The procedure usually lasts between 4 and 6 hours.
Recovery After Open Heart Surgery
Hospital Stay:
- Most patients stay in the hospital for 5 to 7 days.
- The first 24–48 hours are spent in intensive care (ICU).
Recovery at Home:
- Avoid lifting heavy objects for a few weeks.
- Take prescribed medications regularly.
- Follow a heart-healthy diet.
- Attend follow-up appointments.
Possible Risks and Complications
While open heart surgery is generally safe, risks include:
- Infection at the incision site
- Bleeding or blood clots in the brain
- Irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias)
- Heart attack or stroke (rare)
- Breathing difficulties
Following the doctor’s advice and maintaining a healthy lifestyle reduces these risks.
Lifestyle Changes After Open Heart Surgery
To avoid further heart complications, patients must condition themselves to long-term lifestyle changes:
1. Eat a Heart-Healthy Diet
- Cut down on salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats.
- Increase consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
- Include lean protein such as fish and poultry.
2. Exercise Regularly
- Start with minimal walking, gradually building up to increased activity.
- Avoid heavy exercise until after the doctor’s approval.
3. Quit Smoking and Alcohol
- Smoking injures arteries while making future blockage problems more likely.
- Alcohol must be consumed moderately or avoided altogether.
4. Manage Stress
- Relaxation techniques like yoga or meditation should be practiced.
- Hobbies and time with loved ones should be kept on hand.
5. Take Medications as Prescribed
- Follow the doctor’s orders on medications such as blood thinners, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and other heart drugs.
Conclusion
Open-heart surgery is certainly a life-saving procedure for people who suffer from severe coronary artery disease, restoring blood flow to the heart, reducing chest pain, and decreasing the risk of heart attacks. It does take time to recover, but a healthy lifestyle will help ensure the health of your heart for many years to come. If you or a loved one has been advised to undergo open-heart surgery, learning about the process and taking precautions potentially could help make it an easier journey.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1. How long does open-heart surgery take?
Typically the surgery lasts anywhere from 4 to 6 hours depending on the complexity of the case.
Q2. How long does it take to recover from open-heart surgery?
A full recovery can take anywhere between 6-12 weeks; however, the patient may resume some light activities much sooner.
Q3. Is open heart surgery risky?
There are risks, as would pertain with any major surgery; however, most patients do well after open-heart surgery with a proper aftercare regimen.
Q4. Can I lead a normal life after open heart surgery?
Yes, most people lead a normal life depending on lifestyle modification, medications, and regular follow-ups.
Q5. What food should I avoid after open heart surgery?
If you want to keep your heart healthy, avoid fried foods, processed foods, high salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats.